Brantford Chinese Alliance Church/Good Neighbour Chinese Church

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英语学习第二十四课 - 关系代词和关系副词引导的定语从句

定语从句(The Attributive Clause):

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

1)who, whom, that:这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如主语、宾语

圣经中的例子:

  • for it is God who works in you to will and to act in order to fulfill his good purpose. 因为你们立志行事,都是神在你们心里运行,为要成就他的美意(Phl 2:13)

  • I have no one else like him, who will show genuine concern for your welfare. 因为我没有别人与我同心,实在挂念你们的事。(Phl 2:20)

  • But I think it is necessary to send back to you Epaphroditus, my brother, co-worker and fellow soldier, who is also your messenger, whom you sent to take care of my needs. 然而我想必须打发以巴弗提到你们那里去。他是我的兄弟,与我一同作工,一同当兵,是你们所差遣的,也是供给我需用的。 (Phl 2:25)

  • For it is we who are the circumcision, we who serve God by his Spirit, who boast in Christ Jesus, and who put no confidence in the flesh—因为真受割礼的,乃是我们这以神的灵敬拜,在基督耶稣里夸口,不靠着肉体的。 (Phl 3:3)

  • All of us, then, who are mature should take such a view of things. And if on some point you think differently, that too God will make clear to you. 所以我们中间凡是完全人,总要存这样的心。若在什么事上,存别样的心,神也必以此指示你们。 (Phl 3:15)

  • Join together in following my example, brothers and sisters, and just as you have us as a model, keep your eyes on those who live as we do. 弟兄们,你们要一同效法我,也当留意看那些照我们榜样行的人。 (Phl 3:17)

  • Therefore, my brothers and sisters, you whom I love and long for, my joy and crown, stand firm in the Lord in this way, dear friends! 我所亲爱所想念的弟兄们,你们就是我的喜乐,我的冠冕。我亲爱的弟兄,你们应当靠主站立得稳。 (Phl 4:1)

  • I can do all this through him who gives me strength. 我靠着那加给我力量的,凡事都能作。 (Phl 4:13)

  • Greet all God’s people in Christ Jesus. The brothers and sisters who are with me send greetings. 请问在基督耶稣里的各位圣徒安。在我这里的众弟兄都问你们安。 (Phl 4:21)

  • All God’s people here send you greetings, especially those who belong to Caesar’s household. 众圣徒都问你们安。在该撒家里的人特特的问你们安。 (Phl 4:22)

2)Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换)如They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.  那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。

圣经中的例子:

  • Yes, and I ask you, my true companion, help these women since they have contended at my side in the cause of the gospel, along with Clement and the rest of my co-workers, whose names are in the book of life. 我也求你这真实同负一轭的,帮助这两个女人,因为他们在福音上曾与我一同劳苦。还有革利免,并其余和我一同作工的。他们的名字都在生命册上。 (Phl 4:3)

3)which, that
  它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:
  A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作主语)
  The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)

圣经中的例子:

  • I press on toward the goal to win the prize for which God has called me heavenward in Christ Jesus. 向着标竿直跑,要得神在基督耶稣里从上面召我来得的奖赏。 (Ph3:14)

  • And the peace of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus. 神所赐人出人意外的平安,必在基督耶稣里,保守你们的心怀意念。 (Phl 4:7)

先行词问题关系副词when和where的先行词是表示时间(如the day, the days, the time, the year等)和地点(如the place, the house, the factory, the station等)的一类词,而关系副词why的先行词通常只是why the reason(s)。选用关系副词还是关系代词,关键是看它们在定语是用作状语(用关系副词)还是用作主语或宾语(用关系代词)。

如:Don’t forget the time (that) I’ve told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。(that用作told的宾语)

I’ll never forget the days when I worked with you. 我永远不会忘记我与你共事的日子。(when用作状语)

He works in a factory that [which] makes radio parts. 他在一家制造无线电零件的工厂工作。

(that, which 在从句中用作主语,且不能省略) He works in the factory where his father worked. 他在他父亲工作过的那家工厂工作。(where作状语)

That’s the reason that [which] he explained to us. 那就是他向我们解释的理由。(that或which在从句中用作explained的宾语)

That’s the reason why she left home. 那就是她离家出走的原因。(where在从句中作状语)

参考:

关系代词引导的定语从句:https://www.hjenglish.com/yufadaquan/p278565/#:~:text=18.1%20%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E4%BB%A3%E8%AF%8D%E5%BC%95%E5%AF%BC%E7%9A%84,%E5%92%8C%E5%85%88%E8%A1%8C%E8%AF%8D%E4%BF%9D%E6%8C%81%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4%E3%80%82

关系副词引导的从句: https://www.hjenglish.com/new/p37921/