第十一课 -谈谈英语的祈使句
用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句,祈使句最常用于表达命令。
一、祈使句(Imperative Sentence)
1.祈使句因对象(即主语)是第二人称,所以通常都省略。祈使句的动词都为一般现在时,句末则使用句号来表示结束。
例如:
Take these men, join in their purification rites and pay their expenses, so that they can have their heads shaved. 你和他们一起去行洁净礼,并由你替他们付费,让他们可以剃头(徒21:24)
“Get rid of him!”“杀掉他!”( 徒21:36)
‘Get up,’ the Lord said, ‘and go into Damascus.‘起来,到大马士革去 (徒21:10)
‘Quick!’ he said. ‘Leave Jerusalem immediately, because the people here will not accept your testimony about me.’‘赶快离开耶路撒冷,因为这里的人不会接受你为我做的见证。’(徒22:18)
“Get ready a detachment of two hundred soldiers, seventy horsemen and two hundred spearmen to go to Caesarea at nine tonight. Provide horses for Paul so that he may be taken safely to Governor Felix.”“预备二百名步兵、七十名骑兵、二百名长枪手,今晚九时出发去凯撒利亚。 要给保罗预备坐骑,护送他安全抵达腓利斯总督那里。”【徒23:23-24】
“Brothers and fathers, listen now to my defense.”“各位父老兄弟,请听我解释!” 徒22:1
2. 祈使句的主语通常为第二人称(you),但一般都被省略,只有在特殊的情况下才把主语(you)补充出来。
例如:You be quiet! 你安静!
3. 有时祈使句的主语也可以是everybody, somebody, anybody, nobody等不定代词。
例如: Stand up, everybody! 全体起立!
Nobody move. 任何人都不许动。
二、表现形式
肯定结构:
1. Do型(即:动词原形(+宾语)+其它成分)。如:please have a seat here. 请这边坐。
有的祈使句在意思明确的情况下,动词可省略。如:This way, please. = Go this way, please. 请这边走。
2. Be型(即:Be + 表语(名词或形容词)+其它成分)。如:Be a good boy! 要做一个好孩子!
‘Be careful not to say anything to Jacob, either good or bad.’ 你要小心,不可对雅各多说什么。【创31:29】
3. Let型(即et + 宾语+ 动词原形+ 其它成分)。
如Let me help you. 让我来帮你。
And God said, “Let there be light,” and there was light上帝说:“要有光!”就有了光。【创1:3】
Let some of your leaders come with me让你们的首领跟我一起去吧【徒25:5】
否定结构:
1. Do型和Be型的否定式都是在句首加don't构成。如Don't forget me! 不要忘记我!
‘Do not speak evil about the ruler of your people.’ ‘不可咒诅百姓的官长。’[出埃及记22:28]
“Don’t tell anyone that you have reported this to me.”“你向我禀告的事,不要告诉别人。”【徒23:22】
2. Let型的否定式有两种:“Don't + let + 宾语+ 动词原形+ 其它成分”和“Let + 宾语+ not + 动词原形+ 其它成分”。 如Don't let him go. / Let him not go. 别让他走。
David told the messenger, “Say this to Joab: ‘Don’t let this upset you; the sword devours one as well as another. Press the attack against the city and destroy it.’ Say this to encourage Joab.” 大卫便对信使说:“你去告诉约押不要为这事难过,因为刀剑无情。让他只管竭力攻陷城池。要这样勉励约押。【撒下11:25】
3. 有些可用no开头,用来表示禁止性的祈使句。如:No smoking! 禁止吸烟!No fishing! 禁止钓鱼!
参考:
英语语法:祈使句的概念及肯、否定式讲解:https://www.hjenglish.com/juxing/p1204512/