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第六课 - 形容词的一些特点和用法

  英语的词性大约有10种,名词n.副词adv.介词prep,代词pron,数词num,动词v,形容词adj,冠词art,连词conj,感叹词interj,及物动词vt,不及物动词vi,助动词vaux,缩写abbr,动词不定式inf.,单数sing,复数pl,情态动词aux.。不同的词性代表着不同的意思,用法不一。 我们回顾一下形容词的特点、用法、位置和比较级变化。

1.形容词的定义和特点

    形容词是用来修饰, 主要修饰名词的, 常被放在名词前作定语或放在系动词后面作表语。

(1) 结构特点:以-able,-al,-ful, -ic,-ish,-less,-ous,-y等后缀结尾的词

例如:drowsy(犯困/打瞌睡的) ,eternal(永远的), glorious (荣耀), sorrowful (忧伤的), faithful((忠诚的/信实的)

(2) 句法特点:大多数形容词都可以作定语; 在be, look,seem等词之后作表语; 可用very来修饰, 有比较级和最高级形式.其中

例如:There was a violent(定语) earthquake, for an angel of the Lord came down from heaven and, going to the tomb, rolled back the stone and sat on it. 忽然地大震动。因为有主的使者,从天上下来,把石头辊开,坐在上面。(马太福音28:2)

 A woman came to him with an alabaster jar of very expensive(定语) perfume, which she poured on his head as he was reclining at the table.有一个女人,拿着一玉瓶极贵的香膏来,趁耶稣坐席的时候,浇在他的头上。(马太福音26:7)

They were very sad(表语) and began to say to him one after the other, “Surely you don’t mean me, Lord?”他们就甚忧愁,一个一个的问他说,主,是我麽。(马太福音26:22)

2. 形容词的用法

2. 1.用作定语
Aware of this, Jesus said to them, “Why are you bothering this woman? She has done a beautiful thing to me.耶稣看出他们的意思,就说,为什么难为这女人呢。他在我身上作的,是一件美事。(马太福音26:10)

2.2.用作表语
例如:When the disciples saw this, they were indignant. 门徒看见,就很不喜悦/愤怒。(马太福音26:8)

常见的后跟形容词作表语的动词:
①become, come, fall, get, go, grow, make, turn(表示"变成某种状态")

例如:Not so with you. Instead, whoever wants to become great among you must be your servant,只是在你们中间不可这样。你们中间谁愿为大,就必作你们的用人。(马太福音20:26)

He began to be sorrowful and troubled.他就忧愁起来,极其难过。(马太福音26:37)
②continue, hold, keep, lie, remain, stay(表示"保持某种状态")
③appear, feel, look, smell, sound, taste, know(表示"感觉")
例如:
He turned red when he heard the news.
It's going to stay cold for some time. The beer tastes very delicious.

2.3.用作宾语补足语
例如:So they went and made the tomb secure by putting a seal on the stone and posting the guard.他们就带着看守的兵同去,封了石头,将坟墓把守妥当。(马太27:66)

2.4."the+形容词",表示一类人或事物,相当于名词,用作主语及宾语
例如:The poor you will always have with you,因为常有穷人你们同在。(马太26:11)

Great crowds came to him, bringing the lame, the blind, the crippled, the mute and many others, and laid them at his feet; and he healed them.有许多人到他那里,带着瘸子,瞎子,哑吧,有残疾的,和好些别的病人,都放在他脚前。他就治好了他们。(马太15:30)

2.5.有时也可用作状语或补语
例如:Please speak loud and clear. These soldiers spent three days in the cold weather, cold and hungry.

2.6.少数形容词只能作表语,不能作定语.
这些形容词包括 ill,asleep,awake,alone,alive,well,worth,glad,unable,afraid等.例如:
(正)Don't be afraid. (误) Mr Li is an afraid man.
(正)The old man was ill yesterday. (误)This is an ill person.
(正)This place is worth visiting. (误)That is a worth book.

2.7.少数形容词只能作定语,不能作表语.
这些形容词包括 little, live(活着的),elder, eldest 等.例如:
(正)My elder brother is a doctor. (误)My brother is elder than I.
(正)This is a little house. (误)The house is little.
(正)Do you want live fish or dead one (误)The old monkey is still live.


3.形容词的位置

3.1.形容词一般放在名词前作定语
单个形容词修饰名词时,一般要放在名词的前面.它们的前面常常带有冠词,形容词性物主代词,指示代词,数词等.例如:
a scarlet robe(一件朱红色袍子)
(1)当形容词所修饰的词是由some, any, every, no等构成的不定代词时,形容词必须置于所修饰的词之后.例如:
She has something new to tell me. I have nothing important to do today.
Do you know anybody else here? 这儿你还有认识的人吗
(2)形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语时,形容词必须置于名词之后.例如:
It is a problem difficult to work out. Edison is a student difficult to teach.
This is a kind of flowers easy to grow. 这是一种易栽的花.
(3)在以下特殊用法中,形容词置于所修饰的名词之后.例如:
All people, young or old, should be strict with themselves.
We are building a new school, modern and super.
All countries, rich and poor, should help one another. 所有的国家,无论穷富,都应该互相帮助.
(4)有少数形容词,如enough和possible,既可置于所修饰的名词之前,也可置于所修饰的名词之后.例如:
例如:Each day has enough trouble of its own. 一天的难处一天当就够了。(马太福音6:34)
(5)有些形容词,置于名词之前与之后,含义不尽相同.例如:
the writer present 出席的作家
the present writer 当代的作家
3.2.两个以上的形容词修饰同一个名词时的排列顺序
限定词→一般描绘性形容词→表示大小,长短,高低的形容词→表示形状的形容词→表示年龄,新旧的形容词→表示色彩的形容词→表示国籍,地区,出处的形容词→表示物质,材料的形容词→表示用途,类别的形容词→名词中心词.

例如:
an exciting international football match一场令人激动的国际足球赛
a new red sports shirt一件新的红色运动衫
a light black plastic umbrella一把轻的黑塑料伞
a small old brown wooden house 一座小的旧的棕色的木头房子

4.大多数形容词有比较级和最高级的变化,即原级、比较级和最高级,用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。

(1)单音节词加词尾-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级。如: tall(高的) taller tallest ; great(巨大的)greater greatest

例如:“Teacher, which is the greatest commandment in the Law?”夫子,律法上的诫命,那一条是最大的呢。(马太福音22:36)

(2)以不发音的e结尾的单音节词只加-r,-st 如:nice(好的) nicer nicest;

(3)以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词,双写结尾的辅音字母,再加-er,-est 如: big(大的) bigger biggest ; hot热的) hotter hottest

(4)"以辅音字母+y"结尾的双音节词,改y为i,再加-er,-est easy(容易的) 如: easier easiest

(5)以ly结尾的副词,除early-earlier-earliest,其他都是加more most. 如:Slowly-more slowly-most slowly ;Bravely-more bravely-most bravely ;quickly-more quickly-most quickly

(6)少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er,-est 如:clever(聪明的)cleverer cleverest; narrow(窄的)narrower narrowest

(7)其他双音节词和多音节词在前面加more,most来构成比较级和最高级。如:important(重要的) more important most important

(8)一些词的比较级和最高级,可以加-er或 -est,也可以加more或most,如:clever, polite等。

(9) 不规则变化 有一些词的比较级、最高级变化是不规则的,需要特殊记忆。

如: good / well→better→best bad / ill/badly→worse→worst many / much→more→most little→less→least far→farther→farthest(表示距离) / far→further→furthest (表示程度) old→older / elder→oldest (表示新旧或年龄) / eldest (表示兄弟姐妹之间的长幼关系)

例如:Truly I tell you, whatever you did not do for one of the least of these, you did not do for me.我实在告诉你们,这些事你们既不作在我这弟兄中一个最小的身上,就是不作在我身上了。(马太福音25:45)

No one sews a patch of unshrunk cloth on an old garment, for the patch will pull away from the garment, making the tear worse. 没有人把新布补在旧衣服上。因为所补上的,反带坏了那衣服,破的就更大了。(马太福音9:16)

5.形容词比较级的用法

两者比较时用形容词比较级,表示“越来越”,形容词比较级前可以用下列词修饰:Much(……得多),far(……得多),even(甚至,更),still(更),a bit(有点),a little(有点),a lot(很), a great deal(大大地), twice(两倍), five times(五倍), two-fifths(五分之二), a half(一半)等修饰比较级表示程度,但决不可用very修饰。

如:It's much colder today than yesterday.

6. 形容词最高级的用法

三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时,用形容词最高级形式。形容词最高级前通常需加定冠词the,句末常接in / of短语来表示范围。如:He is the strongest of all the boys.

表示“最……之一”时,用“one of + the + 最高级”。如:The light bulb is one of the most helpful inventions.

形容词最高级前可以由物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等修饰,此时不用定冠词the。如:Yesterday is her happiest day in her life

最高级的修饰语:by far/ far and away 最,很 much ……得多 almost 几乎 nearly 几乎

参考:

形容词的用法详解:https://www.hjenglish.com/new/p622212/

形容词的用法和位置https://zhidao.baidu.com/question/177658530.html

形容词的比较级和最高级变化:https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/65080642