英语学习第二十五课 - 名词性从句之宾语从句
复合句名词性从句 – 宾语从句(objective clause)
宾语从句：置于动词、介词等词性后面，在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。
宾语从句分为三类：
动词的宾语从句
介词的宾语从句
形容词的宾语从句
宾语从句：
宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序., 谓语动词、介词、动词不定式，v.-ing形式后面都能带宾语从句，有些形容词(afraid，sure，glad等)之后也可以带宾语从句。
宾语从句中引导词的用法
在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导词有：
连词：that (that 常可省略),whether, if
代词：who, whose, what ,which
副词：when ,where, how, why 等。
(一)that引导的宾语从句(在非正式场合that可以省略)
可跟that从句做宾语的动词有：
say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。
例句：The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.
注意事项：当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至主句表示。
例句：I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that.
在以下情况中that不能省略
1、当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省，但后面的that不可省。
例句：He said (that) you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you.
2、当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不可省。
例句：Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.
3、当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省。
例句：I can’t tell him that his mother died.
注意事项：许多带复合宾语的句子，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it作形式宾语。
例句：I find it necessary that we should do the homework on time.
(2)由whether,if 引导的宾语从句
由whether(if)引导的宾语从句，实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的。意思是“是否”。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。一般说来，在宾语从句中whether与if可以互换使用，但在特殊情况下if与whether是不能互换的。
例句：I wonder whether(if) they will come to our party.
只能用whether，不能用if引导的宾语从句
1、在带to的不定式前
例句：We decided whether to walk there.
2、在介词的后面
例句：I’m thinking of whether we should go to see the film.
3、在动词后面的宾语从句时
例句：We discussed whether we had a sports meeting next week
4、直接与or not连用时
例句：I can’t say whether or not thet can come on time.
只能用if不能用whether引导的宾语从句
1、if引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”
例句：The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny.
2、if引导否定概念的宾语从句时
例句：He asked if I didn’t come to school yesterday.
3、引导状语从句even if(即使)和as if(好象)时
例句：He talks as if he has known all about it.
(三)连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句
这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的，宾语从句要用陈述句语序。用于这种结构的动词常常是：see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。
英语中的连接代词有：who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语。
例句：Can you tell me whom you are waiting for?
英语中的连接副词有：when,where,why,how，在句中担任状语的成分。
例句：None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
三、宾语从句的语序
宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序即：连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分。
例句：Could you tell me when the train will leave?
四、宾语从句的时态
1、主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。
例句：The headmaster hopes everything goes well.
2、主句是过去时态，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。
例句：She was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time.
3、当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。
例句：The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.
五、宾语从句的特点
1、宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词的宾语。
2、宾语从句的语序一律用陈述句语序。
3、连接词that引导宾语从句在句中无词义，不充当句子成份，多数情况下可以省略。
4、whether 和 if 都可引导宾语从句，但 whether后可紧跟or not;whether从句可作介词的宾语。
5、如果从句太长，可以用形式宾语it。
圣经中的例子：
With this in mind, we constantly pray for you（间接宾语）, that （直接宾语从句）our God may make you worthy of his calling, and that （不能省略）by his power he may bring to fruition your every desire for goodness and your every deed prompted by faith. 因此，我们常常为你们祷告，愿我们的上帝看你们配得祂的呼召，用大能成全你们一切美好的心愿和凭信心所做的工作。 (2 TH1:11)
Don’t you remember that when I was with you I used to tell you these things? 我还在你们那里的时候，曾告诉过你们这些事，你们忘记了吗？ 。 (2 TH2：5)
As for other matters, brothers and sisters, pray for us that the message of the Lord may spread rapidly and be honored, just as it was with you. And pray that we may be delivered from wicked and evil people, for not everyone has faith. 弟兄姊妹，最后我还要请你们为我们祷告，好使主的道像在你们那里一样迅速传开，受到尊崇， 并使我们能避开那些邪恶的人，因为不是人人都有信心。(2 TH3：1-2)
We have confidence in the Lord that you are doing and will continue to do the things we command. 我们靠着主深信你们现在遵行了我们的吩咐，而且以后还会继续遵行。 (2 TH3：4)
We hear that some among you are idle and disruptive. They are not busy; they are busybodies. 我们听说在你们当中有些人游手好闲，无所事事，却专管闲事。(2 TH3：11)
And now you know what is holding him back, so that he may be revealed at the proper time. 现在，你们知道是什么拦阻他，使他等到特定的时间才出现。(2 TH2：6)
The coming of the lawless one will be in accordance with how Satan works. 他来要按照撒旦的伎俩行各样虚假的异能、神迹和奇事，(2 TH2：9)
For you yourselves know how you ought to follow our example. 你们自己知道应该怎样效法我们，(2 TH3：6)
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