英语学习第二十四课 - 关系代词和关系副词引导的定语从句
定语从句(The Attributive Clause):
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that：这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如主语、宾语
圣经中的例子：
for it is God who works in you to will and to act in order to fulfill his good purpose. 因为你们立志行事，都是神在你们心里运行，为要成就他的美意(Phl 2:13)
I have no one else like him, who will show genuine concern for your welfare. 因为我没有别人与我同心，实在挂念你们的事。(Phl 2:20)
But I think it is necessary to send back to you Epaphroditus, my brother, co-worker and fellow soldier, who is also your messenger, whom you sent to take care of my needs. 然而我想必须打发以巴弗提到你们那里去。他是我的兄弟，与我一同作工，一同当兵，是你们所差遣的，也是供给我需用的。 （Phl 2:25)
For it is we who are the circumcision, we who serve God by his Spirit, who boast in Christ Jesus, and who put no confidence in the flesh—因为真受割礼的，乃是我们这以神的灵敬拜，在基督耶稣里夸口，不靠着肉体的。 （Phl 3:3)
All of us, then, who are mature should take such a view of things. And if on some point you think differently, that too God will make clear to you. 所以我们中间凡是完全人，总要存这样的心。若在什么事上，存别样的心，神也必以此指示你们。 （Phl 3:15)
Join together in following my example, brothers and sisters, and just as you have us as a model, keep your eyes on those who live as we do. 弟兄们，你们要一同效法我，也当留意看那些照我们榜样行的人。 （Phl 3:17)
Therefore, my brothers and sisters, you whom I love and long for, my joy and crown, stand firm in the Lord in this way, dear friends! 我所亲爱所想念的弟兄们，你们就是我的喜乐，我的冠冕。我亲爱的弟兄，你们应当靠主站立得稳。 （Phl 4:1)
I can do all this through him who gives me strength. 我靠着那加给我力量的，凡事都能作。 （Phl 4:13)
Greet all God’s people in Christ Jesus. The brothers and sisters who are with me send greetings. 请问在基督耶稣里的各位圣徒安。在我这里的众弟兄都问你们安。 （Phl 4:21)
All God’s people here send you greetings, especially those who belong to Caesar’s household. 众圣徒都问你们安。在该撒家里的人特特的问你们安。 （Phl 4:22)
2）Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）如They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
圣经中的例子：
Yes, and I ask you, my true companion, help these women since they have contended at my side in the cause of the gospel, along with Clement and the rest of my co-workers, whose names are in the book of life. 我也求你这真实同负一轭的，帮助这两个女人，因为他们在福音上曾与我一同劳苦。还有革利免，并其余和我一同作工的。他们的名字都在生命册上。 （Phl 4:3)
3）which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作主语）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语）
圣经中的例子：
I press on toward the goal to win the prize for which God has called me heavenward in Christ Jesus. 向着标竿直跑，要得神在基督耶稣里从上面召我来得的奖赏。 （Ph3:14)
And the peace of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus. 神所赐人出人意外的平安，必在基督耶稣里，保守你们的心怀意念。 （Phl 4:7)
先行词问题关系副词when和where的先行词是表示时间(如the day, the days, the time, the year等)和地点(如the place, the house, the factory, the station等)的一类词，而关系副词why的先行词通常只是why the reason(s)。选用关系副词还是关系代词，关键是看它们在定语是用作状语(用关系副词)还是用作主语或宾语(用关系代词)。
如：Don’t forget the time (that) I’ve told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。(that用作told的宾语)
I’ll never forget the days when I worked with you. 我永远不会忘记我与你共事的日子。(when用作状语)
He works in a factory that [which] makes radio parts. 他在一家制造无线电零件的工厂工作。
(that, which 在从句中用作主语，且不能省略) He works in the factory where his father worked. 他在他父亲工作过的那家工厂工作。(where作状语)
That’s the reason that [which] he explained to us. 那就是他向我们解释的理由。(that或which在从句中用作explained的宾语)
That’s the reason why she left home. 那就是她离家出走的原因。(where在从句中作状语)
参考：
关系副词引导的从句： https://www.hjenglish.com/new/p37921/