第三课:英语的名词用法和主谓一致回顾

     英语的词性大约有10种,名词n.副词adv.介词prep,代词pron,数词num,动词v,形容词adj,冠词art,连词conj,感叹词interj,及物动词vt,不及物动词vi,助动词vaux,缩写abbr,动词不定式inf.,单数sing,复数pl,情态动词aux.。不同的词性代表着不同的意思,用法不一。 我们先来回顾一下名词的一些用法及名词作主语的主谓一致原则。

1. 名词定义(n = 名词,noun的缩写): 表示人、东西、事物、动物、地方、思想、具体或抽象概念等名称的词,大家可以看看我们每天发的词汇表标注的名词。

2. 名词的分类 根据词汇意义,名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词

(1) 专有名词主要指人、地方、组织、机构的专有的名词,专有名词第一个字母通常大写

人名:Jesus(耶稣), David(大卫), Abraham(亚伯拉罕), Joseph(约瑟), Mary (马利亚), Immanuel(以马内利),John(约翰), Isaiah(以赛亚), Simon(西门),Peter(彼得),Andrew(安得烈),James(雅各/詹姆斯),John(约翰),Moses(摩西),Simon(西门), Philip(腓力), Jonah(约拿)

地名:Bethlehem(伯利恒), Egypt(埃及),Jordan River(约旦河),Babylon(巴比伦),Gadarenes(加大拉), Capernaum(迦百农), Nineveh(尼尼微)

(2) 普通名词通常指人、物、概念等的一般名称, 可以分为个体名词、物质名词、集合名词和抽象名词四类。

一般来说,个体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns)。物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词无法用数目来计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。集合名词有的可数,有的不可数。

- 可数名词(Countable Nouns):genealogy(家谱), generation(世代),apostle(门徒), prophet(先知), Gentile(外族人), yoke(轭),booth(亭子),garment(衣服),sinner(罪人),bridegroom(新郎),tax collector (税吏),sacrifice(祭物),cloak(披风), ax(斧头),companion(s)部下, parable(比喻), furnace(火炉) plank(木板), wick(灯芯),, grainfield(麦田)

–不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns):compassion(怜悯) , awe(敬畏),authority(权威), speck(斑点), sawdust(锯末), destruction(破坏)

注意:有些可数或不可数可以转化,或者可以说既是可数,也可能不可数

–authority(权威): She spoke with authority about the matter(她对这件事说时带着权威)。 /He's an authority on this subject(他在这个主题方面是个权威人士)

– experience(经验): 不可数时泛指经验,可数时可以讨论一个具体或多个具体的这方面的经验事件如:He has experience in the field./It was an enjoyable experience/It was interesting hearing about his experiences during the war.

2.1 可数名词的形式和使用:

–一般有单、复数两种形式。可以用不定冠词“a,an”的修饰, 如one/a generation(一代)

–可以用基数来修饰如 ten tax collectors(十个税吏), two brothers两兄弟

–复数的形式在词末尾加-s 或 –es 【形式的变化和规则:另讲】

–可数名词的单数形式不能独立使用,必须有“a,the,my”等的修饰。如:

  • A good man brings good things out of the good stored up in him。善人心存良善,就从他里面发出良善

  • Take my yoke upon you and learn from me你们要负我的轭,向我学习。

  • Jesus reached out his hand耶稣伸手拉住他。

  • This is the genealogy of Jesus 这是耶稣的家谱。

– 可数名词复数名词可以独立使用表示泛指,可以加定冠词the表示定指。

  • Christians are people who follow or adhere to Christianity.基督徒是跟随或遵守基督教的人。

  • When the disciples saw him walking on the lake, they were terrified。门徒看见有人在湖面上走,都吓坏了

2.2 不可数名词的形式和使用:

  • 一般只有一种形式。如cash(现金)。

    –不可数名词受"the"限制时,表示特指;不受任何冠词限制时,表示泛指。不可数名词可与some一起用。如:some money,some water。也可与the一起用:the information(这信息)。E.g. When he saw the wind, he was afraid他看到风浪很大,就害怕起来。

  • –不可数名词不能接受不定冠词"a, an"的限制。如果不可数名词的前面出现不定冠词"a, an",则说明这个不可数名词已经转化了如:I don't like coffee. 我不喜欢咖啡。A coffee, please. 请来一份咖啡。

  • –不可数名词没有复数形式。有的“-s”结尾的不可数名词并没有复数的概念或这个不可数

  • –与表示单位的量词如a piece of等连用。例如:a loaf of bread 一条面包, a bag of money 一袋钱

3. 名词做主语 – 主谓一致的原则

•单数名词跟单数动词(谓语),复数名词跟复数动词如Then he said to his disciples, “The harvest is plentiful but the workers are few.  耶稣对门徒说:“要收割的庄稼很多,工人却很少。 

3.1.如果主语是不可数名词, 谓语动词用单数如:But if the salt loses its saltiness, how can it be made salty again? 如果盐失去咸味,怎能使它再变咸呢?

3.2.如果由and连接的两个做主语的单数名词指的是同一个人或物的时候, 用单数动词. 如:The science and technology plays an important part in China;  如果由and连接的两个或更多的主语之前有each, every, many a/an, no的时候用单数名词.如:Every boy and girl in the class works very hard.

3.3.主语是单数, 后面跟有with, along with, together with, besides, as well as, but, except, no less than, rather than, more than, like, including, in addition to 的时候, 谓语动词用单数. 如:The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible.

3.4.由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词(sb,sth---)和each, either, neither, one, the other, another, little, a little, much, no one, nothing做主语的时候,谓语动词用单数.如:Neither student has passed the exam. 如Therefore every teacher of the law who has become a disciple in the kingdom of heaven is like the owner of a house who brings out of his storeroom new treasures as well as old.”

3. 5.名词前both, few, a few, several, many以及others做主语的时候, 永远用复数动词.如:Several friends were invited to the party.

3.6.all, none, any, some, more和most要是修饰单数名词,谓语动词用单数; 若是修饰复数名词,就用复数动词.如:Most of the apples are bad. None of this money is yours.

3.7.由or连接的两个以上主语时,动词和最接近的主语一致.如:You or he is wrong. 由either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also连接的两个以上主语时,动词和最近的主语一致. 如Either he or you have to tell the truth.

3.8.若主语的复数名词表示的是”一段时间”, “一笔钱”, “一段距离”, “一个数量”, “一个面积”的时候用单数谓语动词.如:Five thousand dollars is too much.

3.9.people(人民), police, cattle(牛群)等常用复数动词. 有一些集体名词,如果表示的是整体就用单数动词, 如果表示的是其中的个体就用复数谓语动词.这样的词常见的有family, class, audience, public, team等等.

–His family are all singers.

–His family is very large.

3.10.一些名词只有复数形式,如clothes, scissors, trousers, shorts, scales 等, 作主语时谓语用复数形式

–The scales 天平 are mine.

–但是成双的东西前面有a pair of 要用单数。

–This pair of scissors belongs to the tailor.

3.11.如果主语由“a kind of ( a series of ) 构成, 谓语一般用单数形式。

–This kind of men is dangerous.

–如果是多种,谓语动词要用复数。

–There are many kinds of apples.

3.12.one and a half 加复数名词作主语谓语动词用单数。

–One and a half bananas is left on the table.

参考:

Ken HuangComment