英语学习第十四课 -谈谈英语中的主动和被动语态

   英语的语态共有两种:主动语态和被动语态,用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。主动语态(active voice)表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态(passive voice)表示主语是动作的承受者。一般来说,尤其是在写作中,尽可能使用主动句。主动语态读起来更容易,能清楚地识别动作以及执行动作的主体。然而,当不清楚谁执行动作,或谁执行动作并不重要时要使用被动语态。我们这里重点讲讲被动语态。

被动语态(Passive voice)是动词的一种特殊形式,一般来说,只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用"被""受""给"等被动词来表示被动意义 。被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式,过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。

在英语中,被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍,虽然大多数句子都使用主动语态,但被动语态在英语中也是极为重要的。需要注意的是,许多地方与汉语不同。注意:那些汉语中有“被……”的短语往往又不是被动语态,而是主系表结构。还有些特殊现象,如:“known to me的意思,英语却应该用被动态。还要注意,英语的被动语态往往由“by”引出,而有用介词“by on foot”步行(美国人有时用“by foot”),“in carriage”(乘四轮马车)等等。还有假主动,真被动的十几个常用词的用法,以及“so heavy to carry”而不用“so heavy to be carried”等习惯用法。

被动态涉及动词的各种时态变化的问题。看下表:

被动语态的的时态变化

被动语态的的时态变化

主动和被动语态

主动和被动语态

主动语态变被动语态时,主动语态句中的宾语变成被动语态句中的主语,主动语态句中的主语成为被动语态句中的动作的执行者。构成:1)助动词+be+及物动词的过去分词;(2)情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词

现以动词ask为例,将一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态列表如下:

ASK.JPG

带情态动词和助动词等的被动态如何处理比较复杂。要随新的主语来变化,这些词如“can, could; will, would; shall, should; may, might; must; ought to; need(需要);have to(不得不);be going to; to be to; used to; seem to; happen to等。带情态动词和助动词等的被动态要随新的主语来变化,这些词如“can, could; will, would; shall, should; may, might; must; ought to; need(需要); have to(不得不); be going to; to be to; used to; seem to; happen to等。

圣经中的被动语态例子:

一般现在时:If her husband dies, she is released from the law that binds her to him.如果丈夫死了,她就脱离了与丈夫的婚姻关系。(罗马书7:2)

一般过去时:We were therefore buried with him through baptism into death in order that, just as Christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the Father, we too may live a new life. 我们借着洗礼和祂一同死了,埋葬了,这样我们的一举一动可以有新生命的样式,正如基督借着父的荣耀从死里复活一样。(罗马书6:4)

现在完成时和一般将来时:For if we have been united with him in a death like his, we will certainly also be united with him in a resurrection like his.如果我们和基督一同死了,也必和祂一同复活。(罗马书6:5)

一般过去时、过去将来时、现在完成时:For we know that our old self was crucified with him so that the body ruled by sin might be done away with, that we should no longer be slaves to sin— because anyone who has died has been set free from sin.我们知道,我们的旧人已经和祂一同钉在十字架上,使辖制我们身体的罪失去力量,使我们不再做罪的奴隶。 7 因为人一旦死了,便脱离了罪。(罗马书6:6-7)

过去完成时:Against all hope, Abraham in hope believed and so became the father of many nations, just as it had been said to him, “So shall your offspring be.” 他在毫无指望的情况下仍然满怀盼望地相信上帝的应许,因而成为“万族之父”,正如上帝的应许:“你的后裔必这么多”。(罗马书4:18)

一般过去时和过去进行时:Yet he did not waver through unbelief regarding the promise of God, but was strengthened in his faith and gave glory to God, being fully persuaded that God had power to do what he had promised.他没有因不信而怀疑上帝的应许,反倒信心更加坚定,将荣耀归给上帝。他完全相信上帝必能实现祂的应许。(罗马书4:20-21)

参考:

英语语法讲解:被动语态:https://www.hjenglish.com/yufadaquan/p1221968/

百科-被动语态:https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%A2%AB%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%AD%E6%80%81#:~:text=%E8%A2%AB%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%AD%E6%80%81(Present%20Simple,%E6%89%8D%E6%9C%89%E8%A2%AB%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%AD%E6%80%81%E3%80%82

Ken HuangComment