英语学习第十八课 - 谈谈复合句中的条件状语从句
状语从句 (Adverbial Clause) 是指句子用作状语时,起副词作用的句子。状语从句中的从句可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。状语从句根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导,也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开,位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。 我们将逐个讲解,本周将谈谈状语从句中的条件状语从句。
1. 条件状语从句(Adverbial clause of condition)定义:在复合句中表示主句动作发生条件的状语从句。如:If you ask him, he will help you.如果你请他帮忙,他会帮你的。
2. 条件状语从句常用引导词:
常用引导词:if(如果),unless(除非), whether(whether...or not)
特殊引导词:as(so) long as(只要), only if(只要;只有), provided/providing that(假如), suppose/supposing(假如), in case(如果,美语中表条件,英语中表目的), on condition that(条件是...), for fear(that/lest)(惟恐;以免), if only(但愿;要是...该多好)等
例如:
Unless the weather was bad, my father always used to take a walk in the evening.
Suppose you had a million pounds -- how would you spend it?
As long as it doesn't rain, we can play.
I will agree to go provided/providing (that) my expenses are paid.
If only for this life we have hope in Christ, we are of all people most to be pitied.如果我们对基督的盼望只在今世,我们就是世上最可怜的人。(1 Corin 林前 15:19)
3. 条件句的分类
真实条件句:
当主句为将来时态或含有将来意义时,条件状语从句习惯上要用一般现在时表示将来意义,而不能直接使用将来时态。
例如: Again, if the trumpet does not sound a clear call, who will get ready for battle? 如果号声不清楚,谁会预备打仗呢?(1 Corin 林前14:8)
表示现实情况中可能实现的情况,谓语动词一般用一般现在时代替一般将来时,用一般过去时代替过去将来时。
例如:Only if a teacher has given permission, is a student allowed to enter this room.
If one part suffers, every part suffers with it; if one part is honored, every part rejoices with it.如果身体某个肢体感到痛苦,全身也一同受苦。如果某个肢体得到荣耀,全身也一同喜乐。(1 Corin 林前 12:26)
If I speak in the tongues of men or of angels, but do not have love, I am only a resounding gong or a clanging cymbal. If I have the gift of prophecy and can fathom all mysteries and all knowledge, and if I have a faith that can move mountains, but do not have love, I am nothing. If I give all I possess to the poor and give over my body to hardship that I may boast, but do not have love, I gain nothing.即使我能说人类和天使的各种语言,如果没有爱,我不过像咣咣作响的锣和钹。 即使我能做先知讲道,又明白各样的奥秘,而且学问渊博,甚至有移开山岭的信心,如果没有爱,我仍然算不了什么。 即使我倾家荡产周济穷人,甚至舍己捐躯任人焚烧,如果没有爱,对我也毫无益处。(1 Corin 林前 13:1-3)
But if anyone ignores this, they will themselves be ignored如果有人对此视而不见,不必理会他。 (1 Corin 林前 14:38)
And if Christ has not been raised, our preaching is useless and so is your faith.如果基督没有复活,我们所传的就是虚空,你们所信的也是虚空。(1 Corin 林前 15:14)
如果主句时祈使句,从句常用一般现在时
例如:If anyone does not love the Lord, let that person be cursed!如果有人不爱主,这人可咒可诅!1 Corin 林前 16:22)
如主句含情态动词,从句一般也用一般现在时
如: If any of you lacks wisdom, you should ask God你们中间若有缺少智慧的,应当求神. (James1:5)
If some is left till morning, you must burn it若留到早晨,要用火烧了。(Exodus 12:10)
非真实条件句(虚拟语气):同现在事实相反的假设;与过去事实相反的假设;表示对将来的假想。主句和从句中的谓语动词都需要使用虚拟语气。 动词有三种形式:
与现在事实相反:条件从句的谓语动词 - did/were; 主句中的谓语动词-would(could/should/might)+do
例如:But if we were more discerning with regard to ourselves, we would not come under such judgment.如果我们先自我省察,就不会遭受审判了。(1 Corin 林前 11:31)
And if the ear should say, “Because I am not an eye, I do not belong to the body,” it would not for that reason stop being part of the body.如果耳朵说:“我不是眼睛,所以我不属于身体。”难道耳朵就因此不属于身体吗?(1 Corin 林前 12:16)
与过去事实相反:条件从句的谓语动词 - had done/been; 主句中的谓语动词-would(could/should/might)+have done
如:if i had studied harder, i would have passed the exam. 对过去的虚拟
与将来事实相反:条件从句的谓语动词 - did/were; 主句中的谓语动词-would(could/should/might)+do/should do/were to do
如:if I were to have time tomorrow, I would call her.
参考:
英语状语从句:https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%B6%E8%AF%AD%E4%BB%8E%E5%8F%A5